List of Faculty Publications

Below is a list of Faculty publications imported from PubMed or manually added. By default, publications are sorted by year with titles displayed in ascending alphabetical order.
Shortcuts: Wühr, Martin | Wingreen, Ned | Wieschaus, Eric | Troyanskaya, Olga | Tilghman, Shirley | Storey, John | Singh, Mona | Shvartsman, Stanislav | Shaevitz, Joshua | Rabinowitz, Joshua | Murphy, Coleen | Levine, Michael {Levine, Michael S.} | Gregor, Thomas | Botstein, David | Bialek, William | Ayroles, Julien | Andolfatto, Peter | Akey, Joshua

Filters: Author is Levine, Michael  [Clear All Filters]
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Zygote
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Microinjection of morpholino oligos and RNAs in sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5347, 2009.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of sea squirt (Ciona) gametes, fertilization, dechorionation, and development.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5344, 2009.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Whole-mount in situ hybridization on sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5348, 2009.
Xenopus Proteins
A. Di Gregorio, Harland, R. M., Levine, M., and Casey, E. Silva, “Tail morphogenesis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, requires cooperation between notochord and muscle.”, Dev Biol, vol. 244, no. 2, pp. 385-95, 2002.
Xenopus laevis
W. Shi, Peyrot, S. M., Munro, E., and Levine, M., “FGF3 in the floor plate directs notochord convergent extension in the Ciona tadpole.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 23-8, 2009.
Xenopus
A. Stolfi, T Gainous, B., Young, J. J., Mori, A., Levine, M., and Christiaen, L., “Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field.”, Science, vol. 329, no. 5991, pp. 565-8, 2010.
A. Di Gregorio, Harland, R. M., Levine, M., and Casey, E. Silva, “Tail morphogenesis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, requires cooperation between notochord and muscle.”, Dev Biol, vol. 244, no. 2, pp. 385-95, 2002.
Wnt Signaling Pathway
P. Barron Abitua, Wagner, E., Navarrete, I. A., and Levine, M., “Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate.”, Nature, vol. 492, no. 7427, pp. 104-7, 2012.
Wing
B. Haley, Hendrix, D., Trang, V., and Levine, M., “A simplified miRNA-based gene silencing method for Drosophila melanogaster.”, Dev Biol, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 482-90, 2008.
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
Vertebrates
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
A. Stolfi, T Gainous, B., Young, J. J., Mori, A., Levine, M., and Christiaen, L., “Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field.”, Science, vol. 329, no. 5991, pp. 565-8, 2010.
V(D)J Recombination
M. Levine, “The contraction of time and space in remote chromosomal interactions.”, Cell, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. 243-4, 2014.
Urochordata
A. Di Gregorio and Levine, M., “Analyzing gene regulation in ascidian embryos: new tools for new perspectives.”, Differentiation, vol. 70, no. 4-5, pp. 132-9, 2002.
A. Stolfi and Levine, M., “Neuronal subtype specification in the spinal cord of a protovertebrate.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 995-1004, 2011.
N. Harafuji, Keys, D. N., and Levine, M., “Genome-wide identification of tissue-specific enhancers in the Ciona tadpole.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 10, pp. 6802-5, 2002.
Up-Regulation
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
Untranslated Regions
D. Papatsenko, Kislyuk, A., Levine, M., and Dubchak, I., “Conservation patterns in different functional sequence categories of divergent Drosophila species.”, Genomics, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 431-42, 2006.
Twist Transcription Factor
P. Barron Abitua, Wagner, E., Navarrete, I. A., and Levine, M., “Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate.”, Nature, vol. 492, no. 7427, pp. 104-7, 2012.
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Quantitative analysis of binding motifs mediating diverse spatial readouts of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4966-71, 2005.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
Tribolium
J. Doran Cande, Chopra, V. S., and Levine, M., “Evolving enhancer-promoter interactions within the tinman complex of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 18, pp. 3153-60, 2009.
Transgenes
A. Stathopoulos, Van Drenth, M., Erives, A., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo.”, Cell, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 687-701, 2002.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Electroporation of transgenic DNAs in the sea squirt Ciona.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5345, 2009.
Transcriptome
C. Cao, Lemaire, L. A., Wang, W., Yoon, P. H., Choi, Y. A., Parsons, L. R., Matese, J. C., Wang, W., Levine, M., and Chen, K., “Comprehensive single-cell transcriptome lineages of a proto-vertebrate.”, Nature, vol. 571, no. 7765, pp. 349-354, 2019.
Transcriptional Elongation Factors
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
Transcriptional Activation
A. N. Boettiger and Levine, M., “Synchronous and stochastic patterns of gene activation in the Drosophila embryo.”, Science, vol. 325, no. 5939, pp. 471-3, 2009.
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
Transcription, Genetic
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Esposito, E., Schlissel, G., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Dynamic regulation of eve stripe 2 expression reveals transcriptional bursts in living Drosophila embryos.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 111, no. 29, pp. 10598-603, 2014.
M. Markstein and Levine, M., “Decoding cis-regulatory DNAs in the Drosophila genome.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 601-6, 2002.
V. S. Chopra, Kong, N., and Levine, M., “Transcriptional repression via antilooping in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 109, no. 24, pp. 9460-4, 2012.
B. P. Berman, Nibu, Y., Pfeiffer, B. D., Tomancak, P., Celniker, S. E., Levine, M., Rubin, G. M., and Eisen, M. B., “Exploiting transcription factor binding site clustering to identify cis-regulatory modules involved in pattern formation in the Drosophila genome.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 757-62, 2002.
M. Levine and Tjian, R., “Transcription regulation and animal diversity.”, Nature, vol. 424, no. 6945, pp. 147-51, 2003.
E. Bae, Calhoun, V. C., Levine, M., Lewis, E. B., and Drewell, R. A., “Characterization of the intergenic RNA profile at abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the Drosophila bithorax complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 16847-52, 2002.
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
M. Lagha, Bothma, J. P., and Levine, M., “Mechanisms of transcriptional precision in animal development.”, Trends Genet, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 409-16, 2012.
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
A. Stolfi and Levine, M., “Neuronal subtype specification in the spinal cord of a protovertebrate.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 995-1004, 2011.
J. P. Bothma, Magliocco, J., and Levine, M., “The snail repressor inhibits release, not elongation, of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 1571-7, 2011.
M. Levine, Cattoglio, C., and Tjian, R., “Looping back to leap forward: transcription enters a new era.”, Cell, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 13-25, 2014.
Transcription Factors
E. Wagner and Levine, M., “FGF signaling establishes the anterior border of the Ciona neural tube.”, Development, vol. 139, no. 13, pp. 2351-9, 2012.
V. C. Calhoun, Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “Promoter-proximal tethering elements regulate enhancer-promoter specificity in the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 9243-7, 2002.
B. Haley, Hendrix, D., Trang, V., and Levine, M., “A simplified miRNA-based gene silencing method for Drosophila melanogaster.”, Dev Biol, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 482-90, 2008.
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Esposito, E., Schlissel, G., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Dynamic regulation of eve stripe 2 expression reveals transcriptional bursts in living Drosophila embryos.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 111, no. 29, pp. 10598-603, 2014.
B. Davidson, Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Uncoupling heart cell specification and migration in the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis.”, Development, vol. 132, no. 21, pp. 4811-8, 2005.
M. Markstein, Zinzen, R., Markstein, P., Yee, K. - P., Erives, A., Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “A regulatory code for neurogenic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 131, no. 10, pp. 2387-94, 2004.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “Ventral dominance governs sequential patterns of gene expression across the dorsal-ventral axis of the neuroectoderm in the Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 262, no. 2, pp. 335-49, 2003.
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Quantitative analysis of binding motifs mediating diverse spatial readouts of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4966-71, 2005.
M. Markstein and Levine, M., “Decoding cis-regulatory DNAs in the Drosophila genome.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 601-6, 2002.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in the Scr-Antp interval of the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 100, no. 17, pp. 9878-83, 2003.
B. P. Berman, Nibu, Y., Pfeiffer, B. D., Tomancak, P., Celniker, S. E., Levine, M., Rubin, G. M., and Eisen, M. B., “Exploiting transcription factor binding site clustering to identify cis-regulatory modules involved in pattern formation in the Drosophila genome.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 757-62, 2002.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
A. Erives and Levine, M., “Coordinate enhancers share common organizational features in the Drosophila genome.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 3851-6, 2004.
M. Levine and Tjian, R., “Transcription regulation and animal diversity.”, Nature, vol. 424, no. 6945, pp. 147-51, 2003.
D. Papatsenko, Goltsev, Y., and Levine, M., “Organization of developmental enhancers in the Drosophila embryo.”, Nucleic Acids Res, vol. 37, no. 17, pp. 5665-77, 2009.
M. W. Perry, Bothma, J. P., Luu, R. D., and Levine, M., “Precision of hunchback expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 2247-52, 2012.
A. Stolfi, T Gainous, B., Young, J. J., Mori, A., Levine, M., and Christiaen, L., “Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field.”, Science, vol. 329, no. 5991, pp. 565-8, 2010.
E. Bae, Calhoun, V. C., Levine, M., Lewis, E. B., and Drewell, R. A., “Characterization of the intergenic RNA profile at abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the Drosophila bithorax complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 16847-52, 2002.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
A. Stolfi and Levine, M., “Neuronal subtype specification in the spinal cord of a protovertebrate.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 995-1004, 2011.
J. P. Bothma, Magliocco, J., and Levine, M., “The snail repressor inhibits release, not elongation, of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 1571-7, 2011.
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., Davidson, B., and Levine, M., “Spatio-temporal intersection of Lhx3 and Tbx6 defines the cardiac field through synergistic activation of Mesp.”, Dev Biol, vol. 328, no. 2, pp. 552-60, 2009.
N. Harafuji, Keys, D. N., and Levine, M., “Genome-wide identification of tissue-specific enhancers in the Ciona tadpole.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 10, pp. 6802-5, 2002.
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
M. Levine, Cattoglio, C., and Tjian, R., “Looping back to leap forward: transcription enters a new era.”, Cell, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 13-25, 2014.
M. W. Perry, Boettiger, A. N., and Levine, M., “Multiple enhancers ensure precision of gap gene-expression patterns in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 108, no. 33, pp. 13570-5, 2011.
J. Bothma and Levine, M., “Development: lights, camera, action--the Drosophila embryo goes live!”, Curr Biol, vol. 23, no. 21, pp. R965-7, 2013.
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Ng, S., Perry, M. W., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Enhancer additivity and non-additivity are determined by enhancer strength in the Drosophila embryo.”, Elife, vol. 4, 2015.
Trans-Activators
M. W. Perry, Bothma, J. P., Luu, R. D., and Levine, M., “Precision of hunchback expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 2247-52, 2012.
J. Doran Cande, Chopra, V. S., and Levine, M., “Evolving enhancer-promoter interactions within the tinman complex of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 18, pp. 3153-60, 2009.
J. Bothma and Levine, M., “Development: lights, camera, action--the Drosophila embryo goes live!”, Curr Biol, vol. 23, no. 21, pp. R965-7, 2013.
Toll-Like Receptors
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Dorsal gradient networks in the Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 246, no. 1, pp. 57-67, 2002.
Time Factors
J. P. Bothma, Magliocco, J., and Levine, M., “The snail repressor inhibits release, not elongation, of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 1571-7, 2011.
Tail
A. Di Gregorio, Harland, R. M., Levine, M., and Casey, E. Silva, “Tail morphogenesis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, requires cooperation between notochord and muscle.”, Dev Biol, vol. 244, no. 2, pp. 385-95, 2002.
T-Box Domain Proteins
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., Davidson, B., and Levine, M., “Spatio-temporal intersection of Lhx3 and Tbx6 defines the cardiac field through synergistic activation of Mesp.”, Dev Biol, vol. 328, no. 2, pp. 552-60, 2009.
Synapses
C. Cao, Lemaire, L. A., Wang, W., Yoon, P. H., Choi, Y. A., Parsons, L. R., Matese, J. C., Wang, W., Levine, M., and Chen, K., “Comprehensive single-cell transcriptome lineages of a proto-vertebrate.”, Nature, vol. 571, no. 7765, pp. 349-354, 2019.
Switzerland
M. Levine, “Retrospective. Walter Gehring (1939-2014).”, Science, vol. 345, no. 6194, p. 277, 2014.
Swimming
A. Stolfi and Levine, M., “Neuronal subtype specification in the spinal cord of a protovertebrate.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 995-1004, 2011.
Strongylocentrotus purpuratus
M. Levine and Davidson, E. H., “Gene regulatory networks for development.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4936-42, 2005.
Stochastic Processes
A. N. Boettiger and Levine, M., “Synchronous and stochastic patterns of gene activation in the Drosophila embryo.”, Science, vol. 325, no. 5939, pp. 471-3, 2009.
M. Lagha, Bothma, J. P., and Levine, M., “Mechanisms of transcriptional precision in animal development.”, Trends Genet, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 409-16, 2012.
Stem Cells
N. Haupaix, Abitua, P. B., Sirour, C., Yasuo, H., Levine, M., and Hudson, C., “Ephrin-mediated restriction of ERK1/2 activity delimits the number of pigment cells in the Ciona CNS.”, Dev Biol, vol. 394, no. 1, pp. 170-80, 2014.
A. Stolfi, T Gainous, B., Young, J. J., Mori, A., Levine, M., and Christiaen, L., “Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field.”, Science, vol. 329, no. 5991, pp. 565-8, 2010.
Spinal Cord
A. Stolfi, Wagner, E., J Taliaferro, M., Chou, S., and Levine, M., “Neural tube patterning by Ephrin, FGF and Notch signaling relays.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 24, pp. 5429-39, 2011.
A. Stolfi and Levine, M., “Neuronal subtype specification in the spinal cord of a protovertebrate.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 995-1004, 2011.
Spermatozoa
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of sea squirt (Ciona) gametes, fertilization, dechorionation, and development.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5344, 2009.
Species Specificity
D. Papatsenko, Levine, M., and Goltsev, Y., “Clusters of temporal discordances reveal distinct embryonic patterning mechanisms in Drosophila and anopheles.”, PLoS Biol, vol. 9, no. 1, p. e1000584, 2011.
Single-Cell Analysis
C. Cao, Lemaire, L. A., Wang, W., Yoon, P. H., Choi, Y. A., Parsons, L. R., Matese, J. C., Wang, W., Levine, M., and Chen, K., “Comprehensive single-cell transcriptome lineages of a proto-vertebrate.”, Nature, vol. 571, no. 7765, pp. 349-354, 2019.
Signal Transduction
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
W. Shi, Peyrot, S. M., Munro, E., and Levine, M., “FGF3 in the floor plate directs notochord convergent extension in the Ciona tadpole.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 23-8, 2009.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Dorsal gradient networks in the Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 246, no. 1, pp. 57-67, 2002.
A. Stolfi, Wagner, E., J Taliaferro, M., Chou, S., and Levine, M., “Neural tube patterning by Ephrin, FGF and Notch signaling relays.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 24, pp. 5429-39, 2011.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of Drosophila gastrulation.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 477-84, 2004.
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
A. Stathopoulos, Tam, B., Ronshaugen, M., Frasch, M., and Levine, M., “pyramus and thisbe: FGF genes that pattern the mesoderm of Drosophila embryos.”, Genes Dev, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 687-99, 2004.
J. P. Bothma, Levine, M., and Boettiger, A., “Morphogen gradients: limits to signaling or limits to measurement?”, Curr Biol, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. R232-4, 2010.
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., and Levine, M., “BMP signaling coordinates gene expression and cell migration during precardiac mesoderm development.”, Dev Biol, vol. 340, no. 2, pp. 179-87, 2010.
E. Wagner and Levine, M., “FGF signaling establishes the anterior border of the Ciona neural tube.”, Development, vol. 139, no. 13, pp. 2351-9, 2012.
Serous Membrane
D. Papatsenko, Levine, M., and Goltsev, Y., “Clusters of temporal discordances reveal distinct embryonic patterning mechanisms in Drosophila and anopheles.”, PLoS Biol, vol. 9, no. 1, p. e1000584, 2011.
Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Quantitative analysis of binding motifs mediating diverse spatial readouts of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4966-71, 2005.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Localized repressors delineate the neurogenic ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 482-93, 2005.
Sequence Deletion
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
Sequence Analysis, RNA
D. Hendrix, Levine, M., and Shi, W., “miRTRAP, a computational method for the systematic identification of miRNAs from high throughput sequencing data.”, Genome Biol, vol. 11, no. 4, p. R39, 2010.
Sequence Analysis, DNA
W. Shi, Levine, M., and Davidson, B., “Unraveling genomic regulatory networks in the simple chordate, Ciona intestinalis.”, Genome Res, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1668-74, 2005.
A. Erives and Levine, M., “Coordinate enhancers share common organizational features in the Drosophila genome.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 3851-6, 2004.
Sequence Alignment
J. Doran Cande, Chopra, V. S., and Levine, M., “Evolving enhancer-promoter interactions within the tinman complex of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 18, pp. 3153-60, 2009.
RNA-Binding Proteins
B. Haley, Hendrix, D., Trang, V., and Levine, M., “A simplified miRNA-based gene silencing method for Drosophila melanogaster.”, Dev Biol, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 482-90, 2008.
V. Hilgers, Perry, M. W., Hendrix, D., Stark, A., Levine, M., and Haley, B., “Neural-specific elongation of 3' UTRs during Drosophila development.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 108, no. 38, pp. 15864-9, 2011.
RNA, Small Interfering
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
RNA, Messenger
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Whole-mount in situ hybridization on sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5348, 2009.
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Esposito, E., Schlissel, G., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Dynamic regulation of eve stripe 2 expression reveals transcriptional bursts in living Drosophila embryos.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 111, no. 29, pp. 10598-603, 2014.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Microinjection of morpholino oligos and RNAs in sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5347, 2009.
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
E. Bae, Calhoun, V. C., Levine, M., Lewis, E. B., and Drewell, R. A., “Characterization of the intergenic RNA profile at abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the Drosophila bithorax complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 16847-52, 2002.
RNA Polymerase II
M. Levine, “Paused RNA polymerase II as a developmental checkpoint.”, Cell, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 502-11, 2011.
A. N. Boettiger and Levine, M., “Synchronous and stochastic patterns of gene activation in the Drosophila embryo.”, Science, vol. 325, no. 5939, pp. 471-3, 2009.
V. S. Chopra, Cande, J., Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Stalled Hox promoters as chromosomal boundaries.”, Genes Dev, vol. 23, no. 13, pp. 1505-9, 2009.
V. S. Chopra, Hendrix, D. A., Core, L. J., Tsui, C., Lis, J. T., and Levine, M., “The polycomb group mutant esc leads to augmented levels of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 837-44, 2011.
RNA Interference
B. Haley, Hendrix, D., Trang, V., and Levine, M., “A simplified miRNA-based gene silencing method for Drosophila melanogaster.”, Dev Biol, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 482-90, 2008.
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
RNA
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Localized repressors delineate the neurogenic ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 482-93, 2005.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of individual cells and tissues from electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5349, 2009.
Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
V. Hilgers, Perry, M. W., Hendrix, D., Stark, A., Levine, M., and Haley, B., “Neural-specific elongation of 3' UTRs during Drosophila development.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 108, no. 38, pp. 15864-9, 2011.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of individual cells and tissues from electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5349, 2009.
Repressor Proteins
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Ng, S., Perry, M. W., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Enhancer additivity and non-additivity are determined by enhancer strength in the Drosophila embryo.”, Elife, vol. 4, 2015.
M. Markstein, Zinzen, R., Markstein, P., Yee, K. - P., Erives, A., Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “A regulatory code for neurogenic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 131, no. 10, pp. 2387-94, 2004.
V. S. Chopra, Kong, N., and Levine, M., “Transcriptional repression via antilooping in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 109, no. 24, pp. 9460-4, 2012.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
V. S. Chopra, Hendrix, D. A., Core, L. J., Tsui, C., Lis, J. T., and Levine, M., “The polycomb group mutant esc leads to augmented levels of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 837-44, 2011.
J. Doran Cande, Chopra, V. S., and Levine, M., “Evolving enhancer-promoter interactions within the tinman complex of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 18, pp. 3153-60, 2009.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
J. P. Bothma, Magliocco, J., and Levine, M., “The snail repressor inhibits release, not elongation, of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 1571-7, 2011.
Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
M. Markstein and Levine, M., “Decoding cis-regulatory DNAs in the Drosophila genome.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 601-6, 2002.
M. Levine and Tjian, R., “Transcription regulation and animal diversity.”, Nature, vol. 424, no. 6945, pp. 147-51, 2003.
D. Papatsenko, Kislyuk, A., Levine, M., and Dubchak, I., “Conservation patterns in different functional sequence categories of divergent Drosophila species.”, Genomics, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 431-42, 2006.
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
Recombinant Fusion Proteins
B. Davidson, Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Uncoupling heart cell specification and migration in the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis.”, Development, vol. 132, no. 21, pp. 4811-8, 2005.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
Receptors, Notch
A. Stolfi, Wagner, E., J Taliaferro, M., Chou, S., and Levine, M., “Neural tube patterning by Ephrin, FGF and Notch signaling relays.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 24, pp. 5429-39, 2011.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
Receptors, Fibroblast Growth Factor
W. Shi, Peyrot, S. M., Munro, E., and Levine, M., “FGF3 in the floor plate directs notochord convergent extension in the Ciona tadpole.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 23-8, 2009.
A. Stathopoulos, Tam, B., Ronshaugen, M., Frasch, M., and Levine, M., “pyramus and thisbe: FGF genes that pattern the mesoderm of Drosophila embryos.”, Genes Dev, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 687-99, 2004.
Receptors, Eph Family
N. Haupaix, Abitua, P. B., Sirour, C., Yasuo, H., Levine, M., and Hudson, C., “Ephrin-mediated restriction of ERK1/2 activity delimits the number of pigment cells in the Ciona CNS.”, Dev Biol, vol. 394, no. 1, pp. 170-80, 2014.
Receptors, Cell Surface
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Dorsal gradient networks in the Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 246, no. 1, pp. 57-67, 2002.
Protein-Tyrosine Kinases
A. Stathopoulos, Tam, B., Ronshaugen, M., Frasch, M., and Levine, M., “pyramus and thisbe: FGF genes that pattern the mesoderm of Drosophila embryos.”, Genes Dev, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 687-99, 2004.
Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
Protein Structure, Tertiary
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
Protein Kinase C-delta
W. Shi, Peyrot, S. M., Munro, E., and Levine, M., “FGF3 in the floor plate directs notochord convergent extension in the Ciona tadpole.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 23-8, 2009.
Protein Binding
V. Hilgers, Lemke, S. B., and Levine, M., “ELAV mediates 3' UTR extension in the Drosophila nervous system.”, Genes Dev, vol. 26, no. 20, pp. 2259-64, 2012.
V. S. Chopra, Cande, J., Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Stalled Hox promoters as chromosomal boundaries.”, Genes Dev, vol. 23, no. 13, pp. 1505-9, 2009.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
Promoter Regions, Genetic
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Ng, S., Perry, M. W., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Enhancer additivity and non-additivity are determined by enhancer strength in the Drosophila embryo.”, Elife, vol. 4, 2015.
M. Levine, “Paused RNA polymerase II as a developmental checkpoint.”, Cell, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 502-11, 2011.
D. Papatsenko, Kislyuk, A., Levine, M., and Dubchak, I., “Conservation patterns in different functional sequence categories of divergent Drosophila species.”, Genomics, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 431-42, 2006.
V. C. Calhoun, Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “Promoter-proximal tethering elements regulate enhancer-promoter specificity in the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 9243-7, 2002.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Coordinate regulation of an extended chromosome domain.”, Cell, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 278-80, 2003.
V. S. Chopra, Kong, N., and Levine, M., “Transcriptional repression via antilooping in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 109, no. 24, pp. 9460-4, 2012.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in the Scr-Antp interval of the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 100, no. 17, pp. 9878-83, 2003.
M. Markstein and Levine, M., “Decoding cis-regulatory DNAs in the Drosophila genome.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 601-6, 2002.
V. S. Chopra, Cande, J., Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Stalled Hox promoters as chromosomal boundaries.”, Genes Dev, vol. 23, no. 13, pp. 1505-9, 2009.
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
A. Di Gregorio, Harland, R. M., Levine, M., and Casey, E. Silva, “Tail morphogenesis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, requires cooperation between notochord and muscle.”, Dev Biol, vol. 244, no. 2, pp. 385-95, 2002.
J. Doran Cande, Chopra, V. S., and Levine, M., “Evolving enhancer-promoter interactions within the tinman complex of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 18, pp. 3153-60, 2009.
M. Levine, Cattoglio, C., and Tjian, R., “Looping back to leap forward: transcription enters a new era.”, Cell, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 13-25, 2014.
Polymerase Chain Reaction
V. S. Chopra, Kong, N., and Levine, M., “Transcriptional repression via antilooping in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 109, no. 24, pp. 9460-4, 2012.
M. Markstein, Zinzen, R., Markstein, P., Yee, K. - P., Erives, A., Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “A regulatory code for neurogenic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 131, no. 10, pp. 2387-94, 2004.
Polycomb-Group Proteins
V. S. Chopra, Hendrix, D. A., Core, L. J., Tsui, C., Lis, J. T., and Levine, M., “The polycomb group mutant esc leads to augmented levels of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 837-44, 2011.
Polycomb Repressive Complex 2
V. S. Chopra, Hendrix, D. A., Core, L. J., Tsui, C., Lis, J. T., and Levine, M., “The polycomb group mutant esc leads to augmented levels of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 837-44, 2011.
Poly A
V. Hilgers, Lemke, S. B., and Levine, M., “ELAV mediates 3' UTR extension in the Drosophila nervous system.”, Genes Dev, vol. 26, no. 20, pp. 2259-64, 2012.
Plasmids
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Localized repressors delineate the neurogenic ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 482-93, 2005.
Pigmentation
N. Haupaix, Abitua, P. B., Sirour, C., Yasuo, H., Levine, M., and Hudson, C., “Ephrin-mediated restriction of ERK1/2 activity delimits the number of pigment cells in the Ciona CNS.”, Dev Biol, vol. 394, no. 1, pp. 170-80, 2014.
Phylogeny
D. Hendrix, Levine, M., and Shi, W., “miRTRAP, a computational method for the systematic identification of miRNAs from high throughput sequencing data.”, Genome Biol, vol. 11, no. 4, p. R39, 2010.
P. Barron Abitua, Wagner, E., Navarrete, I. A., and Levine, M., “Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate.”, Nature, vol. 492, no. 7427, pp. 104-7, 2012.
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Quantitative analysis of binding motifs mediating diverse spatial readouts of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4966-71, 2005.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “The sea squirt Ciona intestinalis.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.emo138, 2009.
Phosphoproteins
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “Ventral dominance governs sequential patterns of gene expression across the dorsal-ventral axis of the neuroectoderm in the Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 262, no. 2, pp. 335-49, 2003.
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Quantitative analysis of binding motifs mediating diverse spatial readouts of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4966-71, 2005.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
W. Shi, Peyrot, S. M., Munro, E., and Levine, M., “FGF3 in the floor plate directs notochord convergent extension in the Ciona tadpole.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 23-8, 2009.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
Phenotype
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
Pharyngeal Muscles
A. Stolfi, T Gainous, B., Young, J. J., Mori, A., Levine, M., and Christiaen, L., “Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field.”, Science, vol. 329, no. 5991, pp. 565-8, 2010.
Pericardium
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., and Levine, M., “BMP signaling coordinates gene expression and cell migration during precardiac mesoderm development.”, Dev Biol, vol. 340, no. 2, pp. 179-87, 2010.
Peptide Elongation Factors
V. S. Chopra, Cande, J., Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Stalled Hox promoters as chromosomal boundaries.”, Genes Dev, vol. 23, no. 13, pp. 1505-9, 2009.
Ovum
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of sea squirt (Ciona) gametes, fertilization, dechorionation, and development.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5344, 2009.
Organ Specificity
C. Cao, Lemaire, L. A., Wang, W., Yoon, P. H., Choi, Y. A., Parsons, L. R., Matese, J. C., Wang, W., Levine, M., and Chen, K., “Comprehensive single-cell transcriptome lineages of a proto-vertebrate.”, Nature, vol. 571, no. 7765, pp. 349-354, 2019.
Optical Imaging
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Ng, S., Perry, M. W., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Enhancer additivity and non-additivity are determined by enhancer strength in the Drosophila embryo.”, Elife, vol. 4, 2015.
Oligonucleotides, Antisense
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Localized repressors delineate the neurogenic ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 482-93, 2005.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Microinjection of morpholino oligos and RNAs in sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5347, 2009.
Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
Y. Goltsev, Rezende, G. L., Vranizan, K., Lanzaro, G., Valle, D., and Levine, M., “Developmental and evolutionary basis for drought tolerance of the Anopheles gambiae embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 330, no. 2, pp. 462-70, 2009.

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