List of Faculty Publications

Below is a list of Faculty publications imported from PubMed or manually added. By default, publications are sorted by year with titles displayed in ascending alphabetical order.
Shortcuts: Wühr, Martin | Wingreen, Ned | Wieschaus, Eric | Troyanskaya, Olga | Tilghman, Shirley | Storey, John | Singh, Mona | Shvartsman, Stanislav | Shaevitz, Joshua | Rabinowitz, Joshua | Murphy, Coleen | Levine, Michael {Levine, Michael S.} | Gregor, Thomas | Botstein, David | Bialek, William | Ayroles, Julien | Andolfatto, Peter | Akey, Joshua

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Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases
N. Haupaix, Abitua, P. B., Sirour, C., Yasuo, H., Levine, M., and Hudson, C., “Ephrin-mediated restriction of ERK1/2 activity delimits the number of pigment cells in the Ciona CNS.”, Dev Biol, vol. 394, no. 1, pp. 170-80, 2014.
Fat Body
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
Feeder Cells
V. Hilgers, Lemke, S. B., and Levine, M., “ELAV mediates 3' UTR extension in the Drosophila nervous system.”, Genes Dev, vol. 26, no. 20, pp. 2259-64, 2012.
Female
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of sea squirt (Ciona) gametes, fertilization, dechorionation, and development.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5344, 2009.
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Esposito, E., Schlissel, G., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Dynamic regulation of eve stripe 2 expression reveals transcriptional bursts in living Drosophila embryos.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 111, no. 29, pp. 10598-603, 2014.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos, Van Drenth, M., Erives, A., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo.”, Cell, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 687-701, 2002.
Fertilization
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of sea squirt (Ciona) gametes, fertilization, dechorionation, and development.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5344, 2009.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 3
W. Shi, Peyrot, S. M., Munro, E., and Levine, M., “FGF3 in the floor plate directs notochord convergent extension in the Ciona tadpole.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 23-8, 2009.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 8
A. Stolfi, Wagner, E., J Taliaferro, M., Chou, S., and Levine, M., “Neural tube patterning by Ephrin, FGF and Notch signaling relays.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 24, pp. 5429-39, 2011.
Fibroblast Growth Factors
E. Wagner and Levine, M., “FGF signaling establishes the anterior border of the Ciona neural tube.”, Development, vol. 139, no. 13, pp. 2351-9, 2012.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of Drosophila gastrulation.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 477-84, 2004.
A. Stathopoulos, Tam, B., Ronshaugen, M., Frasch, M., and Levine, M., “pyramus and thisbe: FGF genes that pattern the mesoderm of Drosophila embryos.”, Genes Dev, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 687-99, 2004.
I. A. Navarrete and Levine, M., “Nodal and FGF coordinate ascidian neural tube morphogenesis.”, Development, vol. 143, no. 24, pp. 4665-4675, 2016.
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
Flow Cytometry
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of individual cells and tissues from electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5349, 2009.
Fluorescent Dyes
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
Forkhead Transcription Factors
N. Harafuji, Keys, D. N., and Levine, M., “Genome-wide identification of tissue-specific enhancers in the Ciona tadpole.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 10, pp. 6802-5, 2002.
E. Wagner and Levine, M., “FGF signaling establishes the anterior border of the Ciona neural tube.”, Development, vol. 139, no. 13, pp. 2351-9, 2012.
P. Barron Abitua, Wagner, E., Navarrete, I. A., and Levine, M., “Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate.”, Nature, vol. 492, no. 7427, pp. 104-7, 2012.
Fushi Tarazu Transcription Factors
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in the Scr-Antp interval of the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 100, no. 17, pp. 9878-83, 2003.
Galactosides
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “X-gal staining of electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5346, 2009.
Gastrula
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of Drosophila gastrulation.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 477-84, 2004.
A. Stathopoulos, Tam, B., Ronshaugen, M., Frasch, M., and Levine, M., “pyramus and thisbe: FGF genes that pattern the mesoderm of Drosophila embryos.”, Genes Dev, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 687-99, 2004.
Gastrulation
C. Cao, Lemaire, L. A., Wang, W., Yoon, P. H., Choi, Y. A., Parsons, L. R., Matese, J. C., Wang, W., Levine, M., and Chen, K., “Comprehensive single-cell transcriptome lineages of a proto-vertebrate.”, Nature, vol. 571, no. 7765, pp. 349-354, 2019.
M. W. Perry, Boettiger, A. N., Bothma, J. P., and Levine, M., “Shadow enhancers foster robustness of Drosophila gastrulation.”, Curr Biol, vol. 20, no. 17, pp. 1562-7, 2010.
P. Barron Abitua, Wagner, E., Navarrete, I. A., and Levine, M., “Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate.”, Nature, vol. 492, no. 7427, pp. 104-7, 2012.
I. A. Navarrete and Levine, M., “Nodal and FGF coordinate ascidian neural tube morphogenesis.”, Development, vol. 143, no. 24, pp. 4665-4675, 2016.
Gene Expression
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Whole-mount in situ hybridization on sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5348, 2009.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “Ventral dominance governs sequential patterns of gene expression across the dorsal-ventral axis of the neuroectoderm in the Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 262, no. 2, pp. 335-49, 2003.
Gene Expression Profiling
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Whole-genome expression profiles identify gene batteries in Drosophila.”, Dev Cell, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 464-5, 2002.
P. Barron Abitua, Wagner, E., Navarrete, I. A., and Levine, M., “Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate.”, Nature, vol. 492, no. 7427, pp. 104-7, 2012.
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
D. Papatsenko, Levine, M., and Goltsev, Y., “Clusters of temporal discordances reveal distinct embryonic patterning mechanisms in Drosophila and anopheles.”, PLoS Biol, vol. 9, no. 1, p. e1000584, 2011.
Y. Goltsev, Rezende, G. L., Vranizan, K., Lanzaro, G., Valle, D., and Levine, M., “Developmental and evolutionary basis for drought tolerance of the Anopheles gambiae embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 330, no. 2, pp. 462-70, 2009.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Electroporation of transgenic DNAs in the sea squirt Ciona.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5345, 2009.
Gene Expression Regulation
M. Markstein, Zinzen, R., Markstein, P., Yee, K. - P., Erives, A., Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “A regulatory code for neurogenic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 131, no. 10, pp. 2387-94, 2004.
M. Levine and Tjian, R., “Transcription regulation and animal diversity.”, Nature, vol. 424, no. 6945, pp. 147-51, 2003.
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
M. Levine, Cattoglio, C., and Tjian, R., “Looping back to leap forward: transcription enters a new era.”, Cell, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 13-25, 2014.
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Whole-mount in situ hybridization on sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5348, 2009.
J. Bothma and Levine, M., “Development: lights, camera, action--the Drosophila embryo goes live!”, Curr Biol, vol. 23, no. 21, pp. R965-7, 2013.
W. Shi, Levine, M., and Davidson, B., “Unraveling genomic regulatory networks in the simple chordate, Ciona intestinalis.”, Genome Res, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1668-74, 2005.
V. C. Calhoun, Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “Promoter-proximal tethering elements regulate enhancer-promoter specificity in the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 9243-7, 2002.
E. Wagner and Levine, M., “FGF signaling establishes the anterior border of the Ciona neural tube.”, Development, vol. 139, no. 13, pp. 2351-9, 2012.
M. Markstein, Zinzen, R., Markstein, P., Yee, K. - P., Erives, A., Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “A regulatory code for neurogenic gene expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 131, no. 10, pp. 2387-94, 2004.
V. Hilgers, Perry, M. W., Hendrix, D., Stark, A., Levine, M., and Haley, B., “Neural-specific elongation of 3' UTRs during Drosophila development.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 108, no. 38, pp. 15864-9, 2011.
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Quantitative analysis of binding motifs mediating diverse spatial readouts of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4966-71, 2005.
M. Levine, “Paused RNA polymerase II as a developmental checkpoint.”, Cell, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 502-11, 2011.
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Esposito, E., Schlissel, G., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Dynamic regulation of eve stripe 2 expression reveals transcriptional bursts in living Drosophila embryos.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 111, no. 29, pp. 10598-603, 2014.
A. N. Boettiger and Levine, M., “Synchronous and stochastic patterns of gene activation in the Drosophila embryo.”, Science, vol. 325, no. 5939, pp. 471-3, 2009.
M. Levine and Davidson, E. H., “Gene regulatory networks for development.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4936-42, 2005.
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., and Levine, M., “BMP signaling coordinates gene expression and cell migration during precardiac mesoderm development.”, Dev Biol, vol. 340, no. 2, pp. 179-87, 2010.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in the Scr-Antp interval of the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 100, no. 17, pp. 9878-83, 2003.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Coordinate regulation of an extended chromosome domain.”, Cell, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 278-80, 2003.
V. Hilgers, Lemke, S. B., and Levine, M., “ELAV mediates 3' UTR extension in the Drosophila nervous system.”, Genes Dev, vol. 26, no. 20, pp. 2259-64, 2012.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Microinjection of morpholino oligos and RNAs in sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5347, 2009.
P. Barron Abitua, Wagner, E., Navarrete, I. A., and Levine, M., “Identification of a rudimentary neural crest in a non-vertebrate chordate.”, Nature, vol. 492, no. 7427, pp. 104-7, 2012.
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Ng, S., Perry, M. W., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Enhancer additivity and non-additivity are determined by enhancer strength in the Drosophila embryo.”, Elife, vol. 4, 2015.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of individual cells and tissues from electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5349, 2009.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
D. Papatsenko, Goltsev, Y., and Levine, M., “Organization of developmental enhancers in the Drosophila embryo.”, Nucleic Acids Res, vol. 37, no. 17, pp. 5665-77, 2009.
M. W. Perry, Bothma, J. P., Luu, R. D., and Levine, M., “Precision of hunchback expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 2247-52, 2012.
W. Shi, Peyrot, S. M., Munro, E., and Levine, M., “FGF3 in the floor plate directs notochord convergent extension in the Ciona tadpole.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 23-8, 2009.
A. Stolfi, Wagner, E., J Taliaferro, M., Chou, S., and Levine, M., “Neural tube patterning by Ephrin, FGF and Notch signaling relays.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 24, pp. 5429-39, 2011.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of Drosophila gastrulation.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 477-84, 2004.
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
A. Di Gregorio and Levine, M., “Analyzing gene regulation in ascidian embryos: new tools for new perspectives.”, Differentiation, vol. 70, no. 4-5, pp. 132-9, 2002.
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Localized repressors delineate the neurogenic ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 482-93, 2005.
M. Lagha, Bothma, J. P., and Levine, M., “Mechanisms of transcriptional precision in animal development.”, Trends Genet, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 409-16, 2012.
A. Stolfi and Levine, M., “Neuronal subtype specification in the spinal cord of a protovertebrate.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 995-1004, 2011.
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., Davidson, B., and Levine, M., “Spatio-temporal intersection of Lhx3 and Tbx6 defines the cardiac field through synergistic activation of Mesp.”, Dev Biol, vol. 328, no. 2, pp. 552-60, 2009.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
I. A. Navarrete and Levine, M., “Nodal and FGF coordinate ascidian neural tube morphogenesis.”, Development, vol. 143, no. 24, pp. 4665-4675, 2016.
J. Doran Cande, Chopra, V. S., and Levine, M., “Evolving enhancer-promoter interactions within the tinman complex of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 18, pp. 3153-60, 2009.
A. Di Gregorio, Harland, R. M., Levine, M., and Casey, E. Silva, “Tail morphogenesis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, requires cooperation between notochord and muscle.”, Dev Biol, vol. 244, no. 2, pp. 385-95, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos, Van Drenth, M., Erives, A., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo.”, Cell, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 687-701, 2002.
J. P. Bothma, Magliocco, J., and Levine, M., “The snail repressor inhibits release, not elongation, of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 21, no. 18, pp. 1571-7, 2011.
E. Farley and Levine, M., “HOT DNAs: a novel class of developmental enhancers.”, Genes Dev, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 873-6, 2012.
J. P. Bothma, Levine, M., and Boettiger, A., “Morphogen gradients: limits to signaling or limits to measurement?”, Curr Biol, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. R232-4, 2010.
M. W. Perry, Boettiger, A. N., and Levine, M., “Multiple enhancers ensure precision of gap gene-expression patterns in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 108, no. 33, pp. 13570-5, 2011.
Gene Knockdown Techniques
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Microinjection of morpholino oligos and RNAs in sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5347, 2009.
Gene Regulatory Networks
C. Cao, Lemaire, L. A., Wang, W., Yoon, P. H., Choi, Y. A., Parsons, L. R., Matese, J. C., Wang, W., Levine, M., and Chen, K., “Comprehensive single-cell transcriptome lineages of a proto-vertebrate.”, Nature, vol. 571, no. 7765, pp. 349-354, 2019.
M. Levine, “Paused RNA polymerase II as a developmental checkpoint.”, Cell, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 502-11, 2011.
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
Gene Silencing
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Localized repressors delineate the neurogenic ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 482-93, 2005.
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
Gene Transfer Techniques
M. W. Perry, Bothma, J. P., Luu, R. D., and Levine, M., “Precision of hunchback expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 2247-52, 2012.
Genes, Homeobox
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
V. C. Calhoun, Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “Promoter-proximal tethering elements regulate enhancer-promoter specificity in the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 9243-7, 2002.
Genes, Insect
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
E. Bae, Calhoun, V. C., Levine, M., Lewis, E. B., and Drewell, R. A., “Characterization of the intergenic RNA profile at abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the Drosophila bithorax complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 16847-52, 2002.
V. C. Calhoun, Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “Promoter-proximal tethering elements regulate enhancer-promoter specificity in the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 9243-7, 2002.
A. N. Boettiger and Levine, M., “Synchronous and stochastic patterns of gene activation in the Drosophila embryo.”, Science, vol. 325, no. 5939, pp. 471-3, 2009.
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Quantitative analysis of binding motifs mediating diverse spatial readouts of the Dorsal gradient in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4966-71, 2005.
M. Levine and Davidson, E. H., “Gene regulatory networks for development.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4936-42, 2005.
M. Markstein and Levine, M., “Decoding cis-regulatory DNAs in the Drosophila genome.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 601-6, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Whole-genome expression profiles identify gene batteries in Drosophila.”, Dev Cell, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 464-5, 2002.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in the Scr-Antp interval of the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 100, no. 17, pp. 9878-83, 2003.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
B. P. Berman, Nibu, Y., Pfeiffer, B. D., Tomancak, P., Celniker, S. E., Levine, M., Rubin, G. M., and Eisen, M. B., “Exploiting transcription factor binding site clustering to identify cis-regulatory modules involved in pattern formation in the Drosophila genome.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 757-62, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
D. Papatsenko, Levine, M., and Goltsev, Y., “Clusters of temporal discordances reveal distinct embryonic patterning mechanisms in Drosophila and anopheles.”, PLoS Biol, vol. 9, no. 1, p. e1000584, 2011.
Genes, Regulator
E. Bae, Calhoun, V. C., Levine, M., Lewis, E. B., and Drewell, R. A., “Characterization of the intergenic RNA profile at abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the Drosophila bithorax complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 16847-52, 2002.
M. Markstein and Levine, M., “Decoding cis-regulatory DNAs in the Drosophila genome.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 601-6, 2002.
M. Levine and Davidson, E. H., “Gene regulatory networks for development.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 102, no. 14, pp. 4936-42, 2005.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in the Scr-Antp interval of the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 100, no. 17, pp. 9878-83, 2003.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Computational identification of regulatory DNAs underlying animal development.”, Nat Methods, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 529-34, 2005.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
Genes, Reporter
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “X-gal staining of electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5346, 2009.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
Genetic Techniques
B. Haley, Hendrix, D., Trang, V., and Levine, M., “A simplified miRNA-based gene silencing method for Drosophila melanogaster.”, Dev Biol, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 482-90, 2008.
A. Di Gregorio and Levine, M., “Analyzing gene regulation in ascidian embryos: new tools for new perspectives.”, Differentiation, vol. 70, no. 4-5, pp. 132-9, 2002.
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
Genetic Vectors
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Electroporation of transgenic DNAs in the sea squirt Ciona.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5345, 2009.
B. Haley, Hendrix, D., Trang, V., and Levine, M., “A simplified miRNA-based gene silencing method for Drosophila melanogaster.”, Dev Biol, vol. 321, no. 2, pp. 482-90, 2008.
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
Genome
A. Stathopoulos, Van Drenth, M., Erives, A., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of dorsal-ventral patterning in the Drosophila embryo.”, Cell, vol. 111, no. 5, pp. 687-701, 2002.
W. Shi, Levine, M., and Davidson, B., “Unraveling genomic regulatory networks in the simple chordate, Ciona intestinalis.”, Genome Res, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1668-74, 2005.
D. Hendrix, Levine, M., and Shi, W., “miRTRAP, a computational method for the systematic identification of miRNAs from high throughput sequencing data.”, Genome Biol, vol. 11, no. 4, p. R39, 2010.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Whole-genome expression profiles identify gene batteries in Drosophila.”, Dev Cell, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 464-5, 2002.
M. Markstein and Levine, M., “Decoding cis-regulatory DNAs in the Drosophila genome.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 601-6, 2002.
B. P. Berman, Nibu, Y., Pfeiffer, B. D., Tomancak, P., Celniker, S. E., Levine, M., Rubin, G. M., and Eisen, M. B., “Exploiting transcription factor binding site clustering to identify cis-regulatory modules involved in pattern formation in the Drosophila genome.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 2, pp. 757-62, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Whole-genome analysis of Drosophila gastrulation.”, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 477-84, 2004.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “The sea squirt Ciona intestinalis.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.emo138, 2009.
M. Lagha, Bothma, J. P., and Levine, M., “Mechanisms of transcriptional precision in animal development.”, Trends Genet, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 409-16, 2012.
Genome, Insect
D. Papatsenko, Kislyuk, A., Levine, M., and Dubchak, I., “Conservation patterns in different functional sequence categories of divergent Drosophila species.”, Genomics, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 431-42, 2006.
Genomics
W. Shi, Levine, M., and Davidson, B., “Unraveling genomic regulatory networks in the simple chordate, Ciona intestinalis.”, Genome Res, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1668-74, 2005.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “The sea squirt Ciona intestinalis.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.emo138, 2009.
A. Di Gregorio and Levine, M., “Analyzing gene regulation in ascidian embryos: new tools for new perspectives.”, Differentiation, vol. 70, no. 4-5, pp. 132-9, 2002.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
Green Fluorescent Proteins
B. Davidson, Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Uncoupling heart cell specification and migration in the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis.”, Development, vol. 132, no. 21, pp. 4811-8, 2005.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “X-gal staining of electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5346, 2009.
Growth and Development
D. Papatsenko and Levine, M., “Computational identification of regulatory DNAs underlying animal development.”, Nat Methods, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 529-34, 2005.
GTP Phosphohydrolases
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
GTPase-Activating Proteins
M. W. Perry, Boettiger, A. N., and Levine, M., “Multiple enhancers ensure precision of gap gene-expression patterns in the Drosophila embryo.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 108, no. 33, pp. 13570-5, 2011.
Heart
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., Davidson, B., and Levine, M., “Spatio-temporal intersection of Lhx3 and Tbx6 defines the cardiac field through synergistic activation of Mesp.”, Dev Biol, vol. 328, no. 2, pp. 552-60, 2009.
B. Davidson, Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Uncoupling heart cell specification and migration in the simple chordate Ciona intestinalis.”, Development, vol. 132, no. 21, pp. 4811-8, 2005.
A. Stolfi, T Gainous, B., Young, J. J., Mori, A., Levine, M., and Christiaen, L., “Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field.”, Science, vol. 329, no. 5991, pp. 565-8, 2010.
L. Christiaen, Davidson, B., Kawashima, T., Powell, W., Nolla, H., Vranizan, K., and Levine, M., “The transcription/migration interface in heart precursors of Ciona intestinalis.”, Science, vol. 320, no. 5881, pp. 1349-52, 2008.
HEK293 Cells
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
Helix-Loop-Helix Motifs
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
High-Throughput Screening Assays
D. Hendrix, Levine, M., and Shi, W., “miRTRAP, a computational method for the systematic identification of miRNAs from high throughput sequencing data.”, Genome Biol, vol. 11, no. 4, p. R39, 2010.
Histocytological Preparation Techniques
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “X-gal staining of electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5346, 2009.
Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase
V. S. Chopra, Hendrix, D. A., Core, L. J., Tsui, C., Lis, J. T., and Levine, M., “The polycomb group mutant esc leads to augmented levels of paused Pol II in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 837-44, 2011.
History, 20th Century
M. Levine, “Retrospective. Walter Gehring (1939-2014).”, Science, vol. 345, no. 6194, p. 277, 2014.
History, 21st Century
M. Levine, “Retrospective. Walter Gehring (1939-2014).”, Science, vol. 345, no. 6194, p. 277, 2014.
Homeodomain Proteins
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., Davidson, B., and Levine, M., “Spatio-temporal intersection of Lhx3 and Tbx6 defines the cardiac field through synergistic activation of Mesp.”, Dev Biol, vol. 328, no. 2, pp. 552-60, 2009.
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
E. Bae, Calhoun, V. C., Levine, M., Lewis, E. B., and Drewell, R. A., “Characterization of the intergenic RNA profile at abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the Drosophila bithorax complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 16847-52, 2002.
J. Bothma and Levine, M., “Development: lights, camera, action--the Drosophila embryo goes live!”, Curr Biol, vol. 23, no. 21, pp. R965-7, 2013.
V. C. Calhoun, Stathopoulos, A., and Levine, M., “Promoter-proximal tethering elements regulate enhancer-promoter specificity in the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 14, pp. 9243-7, 2002.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “Ventral dominance governs sequential patterns of gene expression across the dorsal-ventral axis of the neuroectoderm in the Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 262, no. 2, pp. 335-49, 2003.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Coordinate regulation of an extended chromosome domain.”, Cell, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 278-80, 2003.
J. P. Bothma, Garcia, H. G., Esposito, E., Schlissel, G., Gregor, T., and Levine, M., “Dynamic regulation of eve stripe 2 expression reveals transcriptional bursts in living Drosophila embryos.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 111, no. 29, pp. 10598-603, 2014.
V. C. Calhoun and Levine, M., “Long-range enhancer-promoter interactions in the Scr-Antp interval of the Drosophila Antennapedia complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 100, no. 17, pp. 9878-83, 2003.
M. W. Perry, Bothma, J. P., Luu, R. D., and Levine, M., “Precision of hunchback expression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Curr Biol, vol. 22, no. 23, pp. 2247-52, 2012.
A. Erives and Levine, M., “Coordinate enhancers share common organizational features in the Drosophila genome.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 101, no. 11, pp. 3851-6, 2004.
V. S. Chopra, Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Regulation of Hox gene activity by transcriptional elongation in Drosophila.”, Curr Biol, vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 688-93, 2009.
A. Di Gregorio, Harland, R. M., Levine, M., and Casey, E. Silva, “Tail morphogenesis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, requires cooperation between notochord and muscle.”, Dev Biol, vol. 244, no. 2, pp. 385-95, 2002.
Hu Paraneoplastic Encephalomyelitis Antigens
V. Hilgers, Lemke, S. B., and Levine, M., “ELAV mediates 3' UTR extension in the Drosophila nervous system.”, Genes Dev, vol. 26, no. 20, pp. 2259-64, 2012.
Humans
M. Levine, Cattoglio, C., and Tjian, R., “Looping back to leap forward: transcription enters a new era.”, Cell, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 13-25, 2014.
M. Levine, “Paused RNA polymerase II as a developmental checkpoint.”, Cell, vol. 145, no. 4, pp. 502-11, 2011.
M. Levine and Tjian, R., “Transcription regulation and animal diversity.”, Nature, vol. 424, no. 6945, pp. 147-51, 2003.
M. Lagha, Bothma, J. P., and Levine, M., “Mechanisms of transcriptional precision in animal development.”, Trends Genet, vol. 28, no. 8, pp. 409-16, 2012.
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
Immunity
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains
M. Levine, “The contraction of time and space in remote chromosomal interactions.”, Cell, vol. 158, no. 2, pp. 243-4, 2014.
In Situ Hybridization
E. Bae, Calhoun, V. C., Levine, M., Lewis, E. B., and Drewell, R. A., “Characterization of the intergenic RNA profile at abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in the Drosophila bithorax complex.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 99, no. 26, pp. 16847-52, 2002.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Whole-mount in situ hybridization on sea squirt (Ciona intestinalis) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5348, 2009.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of sea squirt (Ciona) gametes, fertilization, dechorionation, and development.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5344, 2009.
J. Cowden and Levine, M., “The Snail repressor positions Notch signaling in the Drosophila embryo.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 7, pp. 1785-93, 2002.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Linear signaling in the Toll-Dorsal pathway of Drosophila: activated Pelle kinase specifies all threshold outputs of gene expression while the bHLH protein Twist specifies a subset.”, Development, vol. 129, no. 14, pp. 3411-9, 2002.
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Localized repressors delineate the neurogenic ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 482-93, 2005.
In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
V. Hilgers, Perry, M. W., Hendrix, D., Stark, A., Levine, M., and Haley, B., “Neural-specific elongation of 3' UTRs during Drosophila development.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 108, no. 38, pp. 15864-9, 2011.
Indoles
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “X-gal staining of electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5346, 2009.
Insect Proteins
J. Doran Cande, Chopra, V. S., and Levine, M., “Evolving enhancer-promoter interactions within the tinman complex of the flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 18, pp. 3153-60, 2009.
Insulator Elements
V. S. Chopra, Cande, J., Hong, J. - W., and Levine, M., “Stalled Hox promoters as chromosomal boundaries.”, Genes Dev, vol. 23, no. 13, pp. 1505-9, 2009.
Interneurons
A. Stolfi and Levine, M., “Neuronal subtype specification in the spinal cord of a protovertebrate.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 995-1004, 2011.
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
Introns
D. Papatsenko, Kislyuk, A., Levine, M., and Dubchak, I., “Conservation patterns in different functional sequence categories of divergent Drosophila species.”, Genomics, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 431-42, 2006.
B. Haley, Foys, B., and Levine, M., “Vectors and parameters that enhance the efficacy of RNAi-mediated gene disruption in transgenic Drosophila.”, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 107, no. 25, pp. 11435-40, 2010.
Jaw
A. Stolfi, T Gainous, B., Young, J. J., Mori, A., Levine, M., and Christiaen, L., “Early chordate origins of the vertebrate second heart field.”, Science, vol. 329, no. 5991, pp. 565-8, 2010.
Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors
Y. Nibu, Senger, K., and Levine, M., “CtBP-independent repression in the Drosophila embryo.”, Mol Cell Biol, vol. 23, no. 11, pp. 3990-9, 2003.
Lac Operon
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “X-gal staining of electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5346, 2009.
A. Stathopoulos and Levine, M., “Localized repressors delineate the neurogenic ectoderm in the early Drosophila embryo.”, Dev Biol, vol. 280, no. 2, pp. 482-93, 2005.
Larva
K. Senger, Armstrong, G. W., Rowell, W. J., Kwan, J. M., Markstein, M., and Levine, M., “Immunity regulatory DNAs share common organizational features in Drosophila.”, Mol Cell, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 19-32, 2004.
C. Cao, Lemaire, L. A., Wang, W., Yoon, P. H., Choi, Y. A., Parsons, L. R., Matese, J. C., Wang, W., Levine, M., and Chen, K., “Comprehensive single-cell transcriptome lineages of a proto-vertebrate.”, Nature, vol. 571, no. 7765, pp. 349-354, 2019.
W. Shi, Peyrot, S. M., Munro, E., and Levine, M., “FGF3 in the floor plate directs notochord convergent extension in the Ciona tadpole.”, Development, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 23-8, 2009.
A. Stolfi and Levine, M., “Neuronal subtype specification in the spinal cord of a protovertebrate.”, Development, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 995-1004, 2011.
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “X-gal staining of electroporated sea squirt (Ciona) embryos.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5346, 2009.
P. Barron Abitua, T Gainous, B., Kaczmarczyk, A. N., Winchell, C. J., Hudson, C., Kamata, K., Nakagawa, M., Tsuda, M., Kusakabe, T. G., and Levine, M., “The pre-vertebrate origins of neurogenic placodes.”, Nature, vol. 524, no. 7566, pp. 462-5, 2015.
Left-Right Determination Factors
I. A. Navarrete and Levine, M., “Nodal and FGF coordinate ascidian neural tube morphogenesis.”, Development, vol. 143, no. 24, pp. 4665-4675, 2016.
Life Cycle Stages
L. Christiaen, Wagner, E., Shi, W., and Levine, M., “Isolation of sea squirt (Ciona) gametes, fertilization, dechorionation, and development.”, Cold Spring Harb Protoc, vol. 2009, no. 12, p. pdb.prot5344, 2009.
LIM-Homeodomain Proteins
L. Christiaen, Stolfi, A., Davidson, B., and Levine, M., “Spatio-temporal intersection of Lhx3 and Tbx6 defines the cardiac field through synergistic activation of Mesp.”, Dev Biol, vol. 328, no. 2, pp. 552-60, 2009.

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