Decoupling nutrient signaling from growth rate causes aerobic glycolysis and deregulation of cell size and gene expression. Author Nikolai Slavov, David Botstein Publication Year 2013 Type Journal Article Abstract To survive and proliferate, cells need to coordinate their metabolism, gene expression, and cell division. To understand this coordination and the consequences of its failure, we uncoupled biomass synthesis from nutrient signaling by growing, in chemostats, yeast auxotrophs for histidine, lysine, or uracil in excess of natural nutrients (i.e., sources of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus), such that their growth rates (GRs) were regulated by the availability of their auxotrophic requirements. The physiological and transcriptional responses to GR changes of these cultures differed markedly from the respective responses of prototrophs whose growth-rate is regulated by the availability of natural nutrients. The data for all auxotrophs at all GRs recapitulated the features of aerobic glycolysis, fermentation despite high oxygen levels in the growth media. In addition, we discovered wide bimodal distributions of cell sizes, indicating a decoupling between the cell division cycle (CDC) and biomass production. The aerobic glycolysis was reflected in a general signature of anaerobic growth, including substantial reduction in the expression levels of mitochondrial and tricarboxylic acid genes. We also found that the magnitude of the transcriptional growth-rate response (GRR) in the auxotrophs is only 40-50% of the magnitude in prototrophs. Furthermore, the auxotrophic cultures express autophagy genes at substantially lower levels, which likely contributes to their lower viability. Our observations suggest that a GR signal, which is a function of the abundance of essential natural nutrients, regulates fermentation/respiration, the GRR, and the CDC. Keywords Signal Transduction, Glucose, Down-Regulation, Transcription, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal, Yeasts, Culture Media, Anaerobiosis, Genes, Fungal, Aerobiosis, Cell Division, Glycolysis, Ethanol, Transcriptome, Fermentation, Oxygen Consumption, Genes, Mitochondrial Journal Mol Biol Cell Volume 24 Issue 2 Pages 157-68 Date Published 01/2013 Alternate Journal Mol. Biol. Cell Google ScholarBibTeXEndNote X3 XML